According to the type of load applied two types of deformations are obtained: those determining a change in linear dimensions and those determining a change in shape.
Two types of forces result in linear dimensional changes: tension and compression forces. The former results in elongation and the latter in shortening of the sample (Figure 1).
Figure 1: Tensile and compressive deformation
Deformations determining a change in shape are the result of either shear forces or moments.
The former results in a shear deformation (Figure 2) and
the latter in bending (Figure 3) or in a torsional deformation
(Figure 4).
Figure 2: Shear deformation
Figure
3: Bending deformation
Figure 4: Torsional deformation
